Quality Control of PET

Determination of the diethylene glycol content, isophthalic acid content, intrinsic viscosity (ASTM D4603), and the acid number (AN) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a lengthy and challenging process due to the sample’s limited solubility and the need to use different analytical methods.

This application note demonstrates that the DS2500 Solid Analyzer operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (Vis-NIR) provides a cost-efficient and fast solution for a simultaneous determination of the diethylene glycol content, isophthalic acid content, intrinsic viscosity, and the acid number in PET. Vis-NIR spectroscopy allows for the analysis of PET in less than one minute without sample preparation or using any chemical reagents.

Figure 1. DS2500 Solid Analyzer with PET pellets present in the rotating DS2500 Large Sample Cup.

PET pellets were measured with a DS2500 Solid Analyzer in reflection mode over the full wavelength range (400–2500 nm). A rotating DS2500 Large Sample Cup was employed to overcome the distribution of varied particle sizes and chemical components. This allowed automated measurements at different sample locations for a reproducible spectrum acquisition. As displayed in Figure 1, samples were measured without any preparation step. The Metrohm software package Vision Air Complete was used for all data acquisition and prediction model development.

**Table 1.** Hardware and software equipment overview
Equipment	Metrohm number
DS2500 Solid Analyzer	2.922.0010
DS2500 Large Sample Cup	6.7402.050
Vision Air 2.0 Complete	6.6072.208

The obtained Vis-NIR spectra (Figure 2) were used to create prediction models for quantification of the diethylene glycol, isophthalic acid, intrinsic viscosity, and acid number. The quality of the prediction models was evaluated using correlation diagrams, which display the correlation between Vis-NIR prediction and primary method values. The respective figures of merit (FOM) display the expected precision of a prediction during routine analysis.

Figure 2. Selection of PET Vis-NIR spectra obtained using a DS2500 Analyzer and a rotating DS2500 Large Sample Cup. For display reasons a spectra offset was applied.

Result diethylene glycol content

Figure 3. Correlation diagram for the prediction of the diethylene glycol content in PET using a DS2500 Solid Analyzer. The diethylene glycol lab value was evaluated using HPLC-MS.

**Table 2.** Figures of merit for the prediction of the diethylene glycol content in PET using a DS2500 Solid Analyzer.
Figures of merit	Value
R²	0.931
Standard error of calibration	0.052%
Standard error of cross-validation	0.066%

Result isophthalic acid content

Figure 4. Correlation diagram for the prediction of the isophthalic acid content in PET using a DS2500 Solid Analyzer. The isophthalic acid lab value was evaluated using HPLC.

**Table 3.** Figures of merit for the prediction of the isophthalic acid content in PET using a DS2500 Solid Analyzer.
Figures of merit	Value
R²	0.995
Standard error of calibration	0.059%
Standard error of cross-validation	0.085%

Result intrinsic viscosity

Figure 5. Correlation diagram for the prediction of the intrinsic viscosity of PET using a DS2500 Solid Analyzer. The intrinsic viscosity lab value was evaluated using viscometry.

**Table 4.** Figures of merit for the prediction of the intrinsic viscosity of PET using a DS2500 Solid Analyzer.
Figures of merit	Value
R²	0.873
Standard error of calibration	0.0236
Standard error of cross-validation	0.0238

Result acid value

Figure 6. Correlation diagram for the prediction of the acid number in PET using a DS2500 Solid Analyzer. The Acid Number lab value was evaluated using titration.

**Table 5.** Figures of merit for the prediction of the acid number in PET using a DS2500 Solid Analyzer.
Figures of merit	Value
R²	0.991
Standard error of calibration	0.093
Standard error of cross-validation	0.143

This study demonstrates the feasibility of NIR spectroscopy for the analysis of key quality parameters of PET. In comparison to wet chemical methods (Table 6), the time to result is a major advantage of NIR spectroscopy, since all parameters are determined in a single measurement in under a minute.

**Table 6.** Time to result overview for the different parameters.
Parameter	Method	Time to result
Diethylene glycol	Extraction + analysis HPLC-MS	∼45 min (preparation) + ∼40 min (HPLC)
Isophthalic acid	Dissolve + HPLC	∼45 min (preparation) + ∼40 min (HPLC)
Intrinsic viscosity	Dissolve + viscometry	∼90 min (preparation) + ∼1 min (viscometry)
Acid Number	Dissolve + titration	∼90 min (preparation) + ∼10 min (titration)

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