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Titration is a well-established analysis technique taught to each and every chemistry student. It is carried out in nearly every analytical laboratory either as manual titration, photometric titration, or potentiometric titration. In this blog entry, I would like to present an additional kind of titration you may not have heard of before – thermometric titration – which can be considered the missing piece of the titration puzzle.
Here, I plan to cover the following topics:
- What is thermometric titration?
- Why consider thermometric titration?
- Practical application examples
What is thermometric titration?
At first glance, thermometric titration (TET) looks like a normal titration and you won’t see much (or any) difference from a short distance. The differences compared to potentiometric titration are in the details.
TET is based on the principle of enthalpy change (ΔH). Each chemical reaction is associated with a change in enthalpy which in turn causes a temperature change. During a titration, analyte and titrant react either exothermically (increase in temperature) or endothermically (decrease in temperature).
During a thermometric titration, the titrant is added at a constant rate and the change in temperature caused by the reaction between analyte and titrant is measured. By plotting the temperature versus the added titrant volume, the endpoint can be determined by a break within the titration curve. Figure 1 shows idealized thermometric titration curves for both exothermic and endothermic situations.
What happens during a thermometric titration?
During an exothermic titration reaction, the temperature increases with the titrant addition as long as analyte is still present. When all analyte is consumed, the temperature decreases again as the solution equilibrates with the atmospheric temperature and/or due to the dilution of the solution with titrant (Figure 1, left graph). This temperature decrease results in an exothermic endpoint.
On the contrary, for an endothermic titration reaction, the temperature decreases with the titrant addition as long as analyte is still available. When all analyte is consumed, the temperature stabilizes or increases again as the solution equilibrates with the atmospheric temperature and/or due to the dilution of the solution with titrant (Figure 1, right graph). This temperature decrease results in an endothermic endpoint.
Knowing the absolute temperature, isolating the titration vessel, or thermostating the titration vessel is thus not required for the titration.
In order to measure the small temperature changes during the titration, a very fast responding thermistor with a high resolution is required. These sensors are capable of measuring temperature differences of less than 0.001 °C, and allow the collection of a measuring point every 0.3 seconds (Figure 2).
Learn more about our fast, sensitive Thermoprobe products below – available even for aggressive sample solutions.
If you would like to learn more about the theory behind TET, then download our free comprehensive monograph on thermometric titration.
Why consider thermometric titration?
Potentiometric and photometric titration are already well established as instrumental titration techniques, so why should one consider thermometric titration instead?
TET has the same advantages as any instrumental titration technique:
- Inexpensive analyses: Titration instruments are inexpensive to purchase and do not have high running and maintenance costs compared to other instruments for elemental analysis (e.g., HPLC or ICP-MS).
- Absolute method: Titration is an absolute method, meaning it is not necessary to frequently calibrate the system.
- Versatile use: Titration is a universal method, which can be used to determine many different analytes in various industries.
- Easy to automate: Titration can be easily automated, increasing reproducibility and efficiency in your lab.
Find out more information about how automating titrations can help your laboratory workload in our previous blog article.
Why consider automation – even for simple titrations
In comparison to classical instrumental titration, thermometric titration has several additional advantages:
- Fast titrations: Due to the constant titrant addition, thermometric titrations are very fast. Typically, a thermometric titration takes 2–3 minutes.
- Single sensor: Regardless of the titration reaction (e.g., acid-base, redox, precipitation, …), the same sensor (Thermoprobe) can be used for all of them.
- Maintenance-free sensor: Additionally, the Thermoprobe is maintenance free. It requires no calibration or electrolyte filling and can simply be stored dry.
- Less solvent: Typically, thermometric titrations use 30 mL of solvent or even less. The small amount of solvent ensures that the dilution is minimized, and the enthalpy changes can be detected reliably. As a side benefit, less waste is produced.
- Additional titrations possible: Because enthalpy change is universal for any chemical reaction, thermometric titration is not bound to finding a suitable color indicator or indication electrode. This allows the possibility of additional titrations which cannot be covered by other kinds of titration.
- Easier sample preparation: As TET uses higher titrant concentrations it is possible to use larger sample sizes, reducing weighing and dilution errors. Tedious sample preparation steps such as filtration can be omitted as well.
Learn more about the 859 Titrotherm system for the most reliable TET determinations below.
Practical application examples
In this section I will show some practical examples where TET can be applied.
Acid number and base number
The acid number (AN) and base number (BN) are two key parameters in the petroleum industry. They are determined by a nonaqueous acid-base titration using KOH or HClO4, respectively, as titrant.
During such determinations, very weak acids (for AN analysis) and bases (for BN analysis) are titrated with only small enthalpy changes. Using a catalytic indicator, these weak acids and bases can also be determined by TET.
ASTM D8045 describes the analysis of the AN by thermometric titration. The benefits of carrying out this titration are:
- Less solvent (30 mL instead of 60 or 120 mL), meaning less waste
- Fast titration (1–3 minutes)
- No conditioning of the sensor
If you wish to learn more about how well the results of the AN determination according to ASTM D8045 correlate with ASTM D664, download our free White Paper as well as our brochure below.
White Paper: Avoid corrosion—A new method for TAN determination in crude oil and petroleum products
For more detailed information about the titration itself, download the following free Application Bulletins.
AB-405: Determination of the total base number in petroleum products
Sodium
Using conventional titration, the salt content in foodstuff is usually determined based solely on the chloride content. However, foods usually contain additional sources of sodium, e.g. ,monosodium glutamate (also known as «MSG»). With TET it becomes possible to titrate the sodium directly, and thus to inexpensively determine the true sodium content in foodstuff, as stipulated in several countries.
If you wish to learn more about the sodium determination, watch our Metrohm LabCast video:
For more detailed information on the titration itself, download the free Application Bulletin here.
AB-298: Automated sodium determination in various foods with 859 Titrotherm
Fertilizer analysis
Fertilizers consist of various nutrients, including phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, which are important for plant growth. TET enables the analysis of these nutrients by employing classical gravimetric reactions as the basis for the titration (e.g., precipitation of sulfate with barium). This allows for a rapid determination, without needing to wait hours for a result, as with conventional procedures based on drying and weighing the precipitate.
Nutrients
which can be analyzed by TET include:
- Phosphate
- Potassium
- Ammoniacal nitrogen
- Urea nitrogen
- Sulfate
Want to learn more about the analysis of fertilizers with thermometric titration? Download our free White Paper below on this topic.
White Paper: Multiparameter analysis in fertilizers – Fast and easy via thermometric titration
For more detailed information regarding the different fertilizer applications, check out the Metrohm Application Finder:
Metrohm Application Finder: TET applications for fertilizers
Metal-organic compounds
Metal-organic compounds, such as Grignard reagents or butyl lithium compounds, are used for synthetizing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or manufacturing polymers such as polybutadiene. With TET, the analysis of these sensitive species can be performed rapidly and reliably by titrating them under inert gas with 2-butanol.
If you wish to learn more about this topic, check out our free corresponding Application Note.
Determination of metal-organic compounds
These were just a few examples about the possibilities of thermometric titration to demonstrate its versatile use. For a more detailed selection, have a look at our Application Finder.
To summarize:
- TET is an alternative titration method based on enthalpy change
- A fast and sensitive Thermoprobe is used to determine exothermic and endothermic endpoints
- Thermometric titration is a fast analysis technique providing results in less than 3 minutes
- Thermometric titration can be used for various analyses, including titrations which cannot be performed otherwise (e.g., sodium determination)
I hope this overview has given you a better idea about thermometric titration – the missing piece of the titration puzzle.
