アプリケーション検索（技術資料）

This poster presents a straightforward ion chromatographic determination of HF, HNO3, short-chain organic acids and H2SiF6 in etching bath samples. Standard ions such as fluoride, nitrate, acetate and sulfate are determined via suppressed conductivity detection while dissolved silicate is spectrophotometrically detected in the same run after downstream post-column reaction (PCR) as molybdosilicic acid. Analytical results of several commercial HF-HNO3-H2SiF6 mixtures obtained by ion chromatography (IC) and titration showed good agreement, which confirms the applicability of the presented «dual» detection IC method for controlling the composition of acidic texturing baths.

Determination of chloride and sulfate in the presence of high nitrate concentrations. Optimization of the chromatographic separation by variation of the temperature and eluent composition.

A potentiometric, nonaqueous method is described for analyzing nitrating acid using cyclohexylamine as titrant. Both sulfuric and nitric acid can be determined quantitatively.

Boric acid is used in many primary circuits of nuclear power plants, in nickel plating baths, and in the production of optical glasses. Furthermore, boron compounds are found in washing powders and fertilizers. This bulletin describes the potentiometric and thermometric determination of boric acid. The determination also covers further boron compounds, when acidic digestion is applied.

This Bulletin describes potentiometric titration methods for checking sulfuric acid and chromic acid anodizing baths. In addition to the main components aluminum, sulfuric acid, and chromic acid, chloride, oxalic acid, and sulfate are determined.

Potentiometric titration methods for the analysis of acid and alkaline tin plating baths are presented. The following methods are described: tin(II) / tin(IV) / total tin, free fluoroboric acid, or free sulfuric acid, chloride in acidic tin baths, free hydroxide, and carbonate in alkaline tin baths.

This Bulletin describes the potentiometric determination of lead, tin(II), and free fluoroboric acid.

This Bulletin describes the simultaneous potentiometric titration of free boric acid and free tetrafluoroboric acid in nickel plating baths. After addition of mannitol, the formed mannitol complexes are titrated with sodium hydroxide solution. The determination is carried out directly in the plating bath sample; nickel and other metal ions do not interfere.

The Bulletin describes the determination of the following parameters in wine: pH value, total titratable acid, free sulfurous acid, total sulfurous acid as well as ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and other reductones.

Sulfate can be rapidly and easily titrated thermometrically using a standard solution of Ba2+ as titrant. In industry, the widespread procedure is applied to the determination of sulfate in wet-process phosphoric acid.

In titration, the titrant reacts with the analyte either exothermically (gives off heat) or endothermically (absorbs heat). The Thermoprobe measures the temperature change during titration. When all of the analyte has reacted with the titrant, the temperature of the solution will change, and the endpoint of the titration is indicated by an inflection in the temperature curve. Catalytically enhanced titrations using paraformaldehyde as catalyst are based on the endothermic hydrolysis of the paraformaldehyde in the presence of excess hydroxide ions. Edible oils are dissolved in a mixture of toluene and 2-propanol (1:1) and titrated with standardized TBAH (0.01 mol/L) in 2-propanol to a catalytically enhanced endpoint.

The phosphoric acid content can be easily titrated with a standardized solution of 2 mol/L NaOH. The interfering calcium content in phosphoric fertilizer can be eliminated by adding a saturated oxalate solution.

This bulletin deals with the automated determination of mixtures of HNO3, HF and H2SiF6 in the range of approximately 200-600 g/L HNO3, 50-160 g/L HF, and 0-185 g/L H2SiF6 using thermometric titration.Etch acid mixtures containing HNO3, HF and H2SiF6 from the etching of silicon substrates can be analyzed in a sequence of two determinations using the 859 Titrotherm. The first determination involves a direct titration with standard c(NaOH) = 2 mol/L, followed by a back titration with c(HCl) = 2 mol/L. This determination yields the H2SiF6 content plus a value for the combined (HNO3+HF) contents. The second determination consists of a titration with c(Al3+) = 0.5 mol/L to determine the HF content. For freshly made up mixtures of HNO3 and HF containing no H2SiF6, a linked two-titration sequence is employed. Results from the two determinations are used by tiamoTM to yield individual results for HNO3, HF and H2SiF6.

Determination of sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in 4% boric acid using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Determination of magnesium, cadmium, and iron in phosphoric acid using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

ターフェル解析は、反応速度論を理解するために用いられる重要な電気化学的手法です。ターフェル勾配を研究することで、電極反応における反応速度を律速する要因が明らかになり、腐食や燃料電池の研究などの分野に役立ちます。この手法は、産業界がプロセスを最適化し、より高い効率を得るために材料や条件を調整することによってデバイスの性能を向上させるのに役立ちます。 腐食に関しては、ターフェル解析により、様々な環境における各種金属の腐食速度とそのメカニズムに関する洞察を得ることができます。ターフェル勾配を調べることにより、研究者は分極抵抗と腐食速度だけでなく、腐食電流と腐食電位を測定することができ、材料が周囲環境とどのように相互作用するかを明らかにすることができます。構造物の寿命を延ばし、厳しい環境における金属部品の完全性を確保するために、この測定・解析は腐食を軽減させるための適切なコーティング剤、抑制剤、材料を選択する際に役立ちます。 この技術資料（アプリケーションノート）では、人工海水中のアルミニウムを例にINTELLOソフトウェアを用いたターフェル解析について説明します。

The study of the electrochemical behavior of platinum in acidic media is of crucial importance in fundamental electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Most electrocatalytic processes occurring at Pt electrodes are highly sensitive to the structure of the platinum surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a widely used rapid measurement technique that provides both a qualitative and quantitative fingerprint of platinum surfaces. A comparison of results given by linear and staircase CVs is presented in this Application Note.

研究では、2電極、3電極、または4電極セルの構成により、さまざまな実験配置が可能です。実験の要件に応じて、ある構成が他の構成よりも適している場合があります。そのため、これら3つの状況における適切な電極配置を、この技術資料で定義しています。 例として、酸性媒体中で白金の酸化が行われる際、INTELLO搭載のVIONICのセカンドセンス（S2）を用いて対極の電位を測定します。溶液中に溶け出した白金が結果に影響を与える可能性があるため、対極の電位をモニターできることが重要です。

In this Application Note, hydrogen permeation experiments are conducted following the procedure described in the ASTM standard G148.

The Devanathan-Stachurski cell (or «H cell») is successfully used to evaluate the permeation of hydrogen through sheets or membranes. As small amounts of hydrogen pass through the sheet or membrane, a very sensitive potentiostat is required for its detection. A study of the hydrogen permeation properties of different iron sheets is discussed in this Application Note while taking the instrumental requirements into account.

This Application Note presents a walkthrough of an experiment on 4-nitrothiophenol using hyphenated EC-Raman, a combination of Raman spectroscopy and electrochemistry.

Determination of the sulfate content of wet process phosphoric acid.

Determination of fluoride in industrial solutions such as acid etching mixtures.

Determination of mixtures of phosphoric, nitric, and acetic acids used in etching aluminum in the manufacture of semiconductor devices.

Determination of sulfate and total acids in a nitrating mixture.

Determination of low content of HCl (around 10 ppm) in silicone oil.

Determination of phosphoric and nitric acids in liquors from the Nitrophos fertilizer manufacturing process.

Determination of mixtures of sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids. The procedure is suitable for automated analysis using an 814 Sample Processor.

Determination of hydrofluoric acid in mixed acid etchant solutions.

Automated determination of the H2SiF6 and HF contents of industrial grade hexafluorosilicic acid.

Determination of boric acid in electroless plating solutions.

酸エッチング溶液には、エッチング速度が高いためフッ化水素酸 (HF) が含まれることがよくあります。 この技術資料では、電位差滴定装置で使用する通常のガラス電極では測定が難しい、シリコンエッチング溶液中のフッ化物の測定を温度滴定法でおこなっている例を紹介しています。

Determination of the total acids concentration in mixtures of nitric-hydrofluoric acid intended for etching silicon substrates.

A sample of concentrated mineral acid is dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile, and the water content titrated with a solution of TEOF in acetonitrile. The TEOF reacts exothermically with water in the presence of a strong acid (acting as a catalyst).

Results from three separate single endpoint titrations are used to calculate the results. The mixture of H2SO4, HF, and NH4F/HF contains H+ from H2SO4, HF, and NH4F/HF, SO42- from H2SO4, and F- from HF and NH4F/HF. Analysis of total H+ («total acids») by NaOH titration, F- by titrating with Al(NO3)3 («total fluoride») and SO42- by titrating with BaCl2 provides the information required to determine the composition of the mixture.

Two separate titration sequences are required to analyze the mixture:- titration of the HF content with Al(NO3)3 (the «elpasolite» reaction)- titration of the H2SO4 with BaCl2 followed by titration with NaOH to determine the «total acids» contentThe HF, H2SO4, and «total acids» contents are converted to a HNO3 equivalent, with the HNO3 content found by subtracting the HF and H2SO4 from the «total acids» content.

A direct thermometric titration (TET) with 2 mol/L NaOH is used to determine the HF, NH4F, and maleic acid (C4H4O4) contents of acid cleaning solutions. Three endpoints (EPs) are obtained, which may be assigned as follows:EP1: C4H4O4 (pKa1 = 1.9), HF (pKa = 3.17)EP2: C4H4O4 (pKa2 = 6.07)EP2: NH4F (pKa = 8.2)The HF content is determined by subtracting the difference (EP2-EP1) from EP1.

This Application Note supplements AN-H-003 with the treatment of the standard addition of sulfate as sulfuric acid. This technique may be contemplated when either sulfate levels are too low for a satisfactory direct titration, or when the sample matrix hinders endpoint detection, leading to poor precision and accuracy.

The presence of the hydrated ion [Fe(H2O)6]3+ can interfere with the determination of «free acid» due to the low pKa value (~2.2) of this ion. Ions of metals such as Fe, Cu, and Al can be masked effectively with fluoride, and permit the determination of the acid content by thermometric alkalimetric titration with good accuracy and precision.

This Application Note deals with the determination of ferric ion in acidic and copper-free solutions using thermometric titration. The ferric ion is reduced by iodide. The released iodine reacts exothermically when titrated with thiosulfate solution. The endpoint is determined through temperature plotting by the temperature sensor Thermoprobe.

This Application Note describes the determination of aluminum ion down to approximately 0.5 g/L in acidic solutions containing ferric, ferrous, and other ions whose hydroxides do not dissolve in strongly basic solutions.

This Application Note looks at the determination of ferrous ion in acidic solutions from approximately 0.25 g/L by thermometric titration with ceric titrant. The exothermic oxidation reaction shows a sharp endpoint that is detected using the Thermoprobe as a sensitive temperature sensor.

Silver and nitric acid are determined in silver electrolyte solutions by means of thermometric titration. The method provides accurate results in a short time and is ideally suited for routine process control.

This Application Note looks at the determination of ferrous ion in acidic solutions through redox titration with potassium permanganate as titrant and thermometric titration.

Thermometric titration can be used for the ready determination of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid in acid mixtures. An endpoint for each acid appears on the titration curve that can be used to quantify the respective acid.

Thermometric titration is used for the determination of hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid in acid mixtures. Two endpoints appear on the titration curve that are used for the determination of the two acids.

Thermometric titration is used for the determination of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid in acid baths. The entire acid content is titrated with caustic soda in the initial titration; the hydrochloric acid content is then determined in a second titration using silver nitrate solution.

Thermometric titration is used to determine hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride) in etching baths containing ethanol and acetonitrile. Two endpoints appear on the titration curve that are used individually for the quantification of the respective acid.

Thermometric titration is used to determine hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid in etching baths containing ethanol and acetonitrile. Two endpoints appear on the titration curve that are used individually for the quantification of the respective acid.

Following the addition of caustic soda, hexafluorosilic acid can be determined through back titration of excess hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. Hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride) is determined by precipitation with aluminum in the presence of sodium and potassium ions. Nitric acid is determined by subtracting the equivalence concentrations of hexafluorosilic acid and hydrofluoric acid from the total acid concentration.