Application Finder
- AN-C-111N-methylpyrrolidone impurity in Cefepime Hydrochloride
Determination of N-methylpyrrolidone (N-MP) in a pharmaceutical product (Cefepime Hydrochloride) using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-112Inline eluent preparation for cation analysis
Long-term determination of standard cations with automatic inline eluent preparation using Dosino and Level Control instruments and cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-113Determination of lysine and standard cations in a lysine sample
Determination of lysine as well as sodium, ammonium, potassium, and calcium in bulk lysine using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-114Semi-continuous determination of cations in aerosol using PILS-IC
Determination of sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in an ambient aerosol (PM2.5) using aerosol sampling with the PILS (Particle Into Liquid Sampler) and cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-115Five cations in tap water
Determination of lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in tap water using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-116Sodium and potassium in toothpaste
Determination of sodium and potassium in toothpaste using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-117MiPT – Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique
Calibration of lithium, sodium, ammonium, zinc, potassium, magnesium, and calcium using the partial loop technique and cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. This technique allows a calibration range of 1:100 (e.g. 1 μg/L to 100 μg/L corresponding to 2 μL to 200 μL injected volume) out of 1 calibration solution. Applying the full range of partial loop injection to the samples one calibration covers a sample concentration range of 1 to 10'000 e.g. 2 μL of a 10 mg/L solution corresponds to the highest calibration level (100 μg/L) while 200 μL of a 1 μg/L solution corresponds to the lowest calibration level.
- AN-C-118Impurities in syringe filters – Cations
Determination of lithium, sodium, ammonium, zinc, potassium, magnesium, and calcium impurities in syringe filters using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-119Bethanechol chloride and calcium in tablets (Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0)
Determination of Bethanechol chloride and calcium in tablets using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-120Bethanechol chloride and HPTA (2-hydroxy-propyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride) in the presence of sodium and calcium (Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0)
Determination of Bethanechol Chloride and HPTA (2-hydroxy-propyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride) besides sodium and calcium using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-121Strontium and barium in monoethylene glycol
Determination of strontium and barium in monoethylene glycol using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-122Cations including total iron content in antifreeze (monoethylene glycol)
Determination of sodium, potassium, iron(II), magnesium and calcium in antifreeze (monoethylene glycol) using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. Ascorbic acid reduces iron(III) to iron(II). In this way total iron is determined as iron(II).
- AN-C-123Cations including strontium in brine
Determination of lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and strontium in brine using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-124Ethanolamines in the presence of standard cations (Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0)
Determination of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) in the presence of lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-125Methylamines in the presence of standard cations including cesium (Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0)
Determination of monomethylamine (MMA), dimethyl-amine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA) in the presence of lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, cesium, calcium, and magnesium using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-126Methylamines and ethanolamines (Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0)
Determination of monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-127Benzylamine in a beta blocker
Determination of benzylamine in a beta blocker (Nebivolol) using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. A step gradient for fast elution of the main component is applied.
- AN-C-128Dimethylamine in Metformin
Determination of dimethylamine in Metformin (N,N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide, anti-diabetic drug) using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-129Nine cations on the Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0 column
Determination of lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, manganese, calcium, magnesium, strontium, and barium using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-130Cations in offshore effluent
Determination of lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, manganese, calcium, magnesium, strontium, and barium in an offshore effluent using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-131Magnesium, cadmium, and iron in phosphoric acid
Determination of magnesium, cadmium, and iron in phosphoric acid using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-132Traces of lithium, sodium, and ammonium in the presence of ethanolamine (Metrosep C 4 - 250/4.0)
Determination of lithium, sodium, ammonium, and monoethanolamine (MEA) using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection and Metrohm Inline Preconcentration and Inline Calibration.
- AN-C-133Tap water analysis for cations using Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT)
Partial loop injection is a well known way of sample introduction to HPLC. In ion chromatography, it is not yet used to a large extent. Liquid handling with Metrohm's Dosino technology now enables to use partial loop injection on a highly reproducible and accurate level. It includes multi-level calibration out of one standard solution. This Application Note shows its use for parallel anion and cation determination in tap water applying one single Sample Processor. The anion results are shown in Application Note S–287.
- AN-C-134Cation Inline Eluent Preparation using an 849 Level Control.
Eluent preparation on demand (EPOD) is the convenient and flexible way of automatic eluent preparation. The 849 Level Control together with an 800 Dosino equipped with a 50 mL dosing unit are used to dilute an eluent concentrate to the required eluent concentration. The use of eluent concentrates is suitable for any eluent. This facilitates unattended operation of the system over several weeks (see AN S-296 for anion eluent preparation).
- AN-C-135Cations in drinking water using Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0 column according to ISO 14911.
Drinking water analysis is strongly regulated by standards. In this Application Note, the cation determination according to ISO 14911 is shown. The Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0 is the optimum separation column for this purpose.
- AN-C-136Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT) – a single standard calibration: 2 mL vs. 5 mL Dosing Unit
Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT) is a versatile injection mode in IC. In this application, injection volumes range from 4 to 200 µL (corresponding to 0.5 - 10 mg/L) using the 250 µL loop. Here, the use of 2 and 5 mL Dosing Units are compared.
- AN-C-137Copper, nickel, zinc, and common cations in the water-steam cycle of a boiling water reactor (BWR)
Water chemistry of the water-steam cycle is crucial for maintaining plant reliability and for ensuring optimal plant operational conditions. Impurities such as corrosion products in ionic, colloidal, or oxide forms are ubiquitous in feedwater, condensate, and reactor coolant. This application shows the determination of sub-ppb levels of Cu, Ni, Zn and standard cations (e.g., Na+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+) in the water-steam cycle of a BWR.
- AN-C-138Zinc, nickel, calcium, and magnesium in borated water of a pressurized water reactor (PWR)
In pressurized water reactors (PWRs), light water is used as primary coolant. Boron (as boric acid) readily absorbs neutrons and is added to the coolant to control reactivity. Lithium hydroxide assures a pH value greater than 7 to prevent corrosion. This application allows to measure sub-ppb levels of zinc, nickel, calcium, and magnesium besides high boric acid and lithium hydroxide concentrations.
- AN-C-139Cations and amines in the water-steam cycle
Water in steel-based cooling systems requires a pH value slightly above 7 to prevent corrosion. Often ammonium or organic amines are applied for pH adjustement. This application shows the separation of typical amines besides inorganic cations. Sample preconcentration applies combined Inline Preconcentration and Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME).
- AN-C-140Lithium in borated water of a pressurized water reactor (PWR)
In pressurized water reactors (PWRs), light water is used as coolant in the primary side. Boron (as boric acid) is added to the coolant to absorb neutrons, thus controlling reactivity. Lithium hydroxide assures the alkaline pH value to prevent corrosion. This application allows to measure lithium content besides high boric acid concentrations. AN-C-138 shows the respective trace metal determination on the same system setup.
- AN-C-141Cations in small sample volumes by using the intelligent Pick-up Injection Technique (MiPuT)
The determination of cations in tap water is a simple IC application. Here it is used to present Metrohm's intelligent Pick-up Technique (MiPuT). MiPuT enables the injection of volumes of minimum size from very small sample quantities. In the present case, two volumes of 10 µL from a sample 100 µL in size are used for anion and cation analysis, respectively. The calibration takes place through the injection of various volumes of a single standard solution. AN-S-302 describes the corresponding anion determination.
- AN-C-142Separation of the standard cations on the high-capacity Metrosep C 6 separation columns
The Metrosep C 6 columns have a higher capacity than those of the Metrosep C 4. The present Application Note describes the exceptional separating efficiency for standard cations with the three Metrosep C 6 column lengths available. The outstanding sodium-ammonia separation is particularly noteworthy.
- AN-C-143Ammonia in addition to standard cations in maritime pore water
Maritime pore water contains sodium in the percentage range. The analysis of ammonia in this kind of sample requires a high column capacity and an exceptionally good separation of sodium and ammonia. These requirements are completely fulfilled by a 2 µL injection to the high-capacity Metrosep C 6 - 250/4.0 column.
- AN-C-144Variable Inline Preconcentration including matrix elimination for trace cation determination (MiPCT-ME)
Metrohm Inline Preconcentration Technique with matrix elimination (MiPCT-ME) is a powerful method that combines preconcentration, matrix elimination, and multilevel calibration. In this Application Note, the methodology is applied to the determination of traces of sodium in addition to 2 mg/L ammonia. The Metrosep C 6 - 250/4.0 column is used for selectivity reasons.
- AN-C-145Ammonium traces besides excess sodium using 940 Professional IC Vario and direct conductivity detection
The determination of low ammonium concentrations besides excess sodium is demanding due to the small retention time difference of these two cations. This Application Note shows direct conductivity detection as an ideal means to detect ammonium in a wastewater sample containing 400 mg/L sodium. AN-S-313 shows the analysis of nitrite traces.
- AN-C-146Bethanechol and HPTA (2-hydroxy-propyl-trimethyl ammonium) besides sodium and calcium (Metrosep C 6 - 250/4.0)
Bethanechol is a pharmaceutical compound which is used to treat urinary retention. This API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) can be determined by cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. A good separation is achieved between bethanechol and its degradation product 2-hydroxy-propyl-trimethyl ammonium (HPTA) and the standard cations. Peak shape and resolution meet the USP requirements for bethanechol.
- AN-C-147Fast analysis of cations in tap water using Metrosep C 4 - 100/2.0
Reducing the analysis time is a demanding task because it is accompanied by a parallel reduction of peak resolution. With a Microbore column 100 mm in length, standard cations in tap water can be determined in only 5 minutes. Strontium can also be determined by simply extending the run time to 6.5 min.
- AN-C-148Metrohm Inline Dilution – Dilution factors of up to 10,000 in two intelligent steps
Sample dilution is a work-intensive routine task in the analysis laboratory. An automatic two-step dilution exponentiates the dilution factor – 1:100 – thus incorporating a dilution factor of 10,000. The intelligent dilution is made possible by MagIC Net, which calculates the essential dilution steps, and by the dosing properties of the 800 Dosino and the Liquid Handling Station. The Application Note shows statistical results of a 1:10,000 dilution.
- AN-C-149Determination of cations on surfaces of printed circuit boards
Cleanliness is indispensable in electronics production. Ionic contaminations in particular lead to a drastic worsening of the quality of the printed circuit boards. The present Application Note describes the determination of cations on printed circuit board surfaces. The intelligent Partial Loop Injection Technique (MiPT) used for this purpose permits the determination of cations and anions in the same sample. The determination of the anions is described in AN-S-317.
- AN-C-150Fast IC: Separation of standard cations in eleven minutes
Fast IC means short run times on separation columns with a relatively high flow rate and the standard eluent. Here the standard cations are separated within eleven minutes on the Metrosep C 4 - 250/2.0. The sodium and ammonium peaks are separated from one another under these conditions.
- AN-C-151Fast IC: Separation of standard cations in five minutes
Fast IC means short run times on separation columns with a relatively high flow rate. Separation with the Metrosep C 4 - 150/2.0 is even quicker than that in the AN-C-150 at 1.1 mL/min. Here, the standard cations are separated within five minutes. Under the selected conditions, sodium and ammonium are no longer completely separated.
- AN-C-152Fast IC: Separation of ethanolamines in 2.5 minutes
Fast IC means short run times and a high sample throughput on columns with a relatively high flow rate and the standard eluent. Mono-, di- and tri-ethanolamine are separated with the Metrosep C 4 - 150/2.0 within 2.5 minutes.
- AN-C-153Fast IC: Separation of methylamines in four minutes
Fast IC means short run times and a high sample throughput on columns with a relatively high flow rate and the standard eluent. Mono-, di- and trimethylamine are separated with the Metrosep C 4 - 150/2.0 within four minutes.
- AN-C-154Fast IC: Cations in drinking water on a high-capacity column in eleven minutes
Fast and handsome IC! Outstanding peak shapes on columns with the standard flow rate and a strong eluent. When the high-capacity Metrosep C 6 - 250/4.0 is used, this usually means long retention times. A strong eluent allows however the determination of the cations in drinking water in a short run time with very symmetrical peaks.
- AN-C-155Selectivity of the high-capacity Metrosep C 6 - 150/4.0 cation column
The high-capacity Metrosep C 6 - 150/4.0 cation column convinces with outstanding separations, narrow peaks, and a multitude of available eluents. In this Note, the selectivity for alkali, earth alkali, and certain transition metals, in addition to methyl and ethanol amines, is shown using a nitric acid eluent and direct conductivity detection.
- AN-C-156Temperature dependency of the cation separation on the Metrosep C 6 - 150/4.0 column
The column temperature influences the duration of the cation separation on the high-performance Metrosep C 6 - 150/4.0 column. The retention times of lithium, sodium, ammonium, magnesium, and calcium remain practically constant with increasing column temperature, whereas those of potassium, strontium, and barium are considerably shortened. This means that the temperature can be used to reduce analysis time considerably on the Metrosep C 6 - 150/4.0.
- AN-C-157Sodium and potassium in polyol using IC following inline matrix elimination
Polyols are important raw materials in polyurethane production. Contamination in the raw materials have a great influence on reactions and impair the quality of the end product. Alkali metals are particularly strong catalysts for linear or branched reactions. A rapid and precise method for their simultaneous determination is ion chromatography following Inline Matrix Elimination.
- AN-C-158Column stability of the Metrosep C 6 - 250/4.0 with Inline Ultrafiltration and Inline Eluent Preparation
The column stability of the Metrosep C 6 - 250/4.0 was determined in long-term laboratory tests. Two injection series per day were run on each of six days in a row. Each series was comprised of nine tap water injections, three check standard injections and six tap water injections. The IC system was shut down on the seventh day of each series. As a whole, the system ran over 10 weeks and counted a total of 2,150 injections. The results show an outstanding reproducibility and verify the high column stability.
- AN-C-159Cation traces on the Metrosep C 4 - 250/2.0 column after Inline Preconcentration with matrix elimination
Intelligent Inline Preconcentration with Inline Matrix Elimination (MiPCT-ME) is used for trace determination of the six standard cations in addition to zinc and diethylamine. The analysis is completed within 24 minutes on the Metrosep C 4 - 250/2.0 Microbore column. The recovery rates are in excess of 95%. The detection limits calculated with the MagIC Net software are in the lower ng/L range for a preconcentration volume of 4 mL.
- AN-C-160Calcium in Bayer caustic soda
In order to extract aluminum from bauxite, the aluminum ore is exposed with a caustic soda solution under pressure in the temperature range of 150 to 200 °C. Dilution and pH value setting are implemented by the addition of 170 mmol/L citric acid prior to calcium determination with ion chromatography in the Bayer caustic soda. Doing so establishes a pH value of 4.5 and prevents precipitation of aluminum hydroxide. The IC separation takes place on the Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0 column with a citric acid eluent.
Did you know?
The over 500 titration applications on our website are only the tip of the iceberg of our application knowledge.
Show another