Application Finder

This document describes the recommended equipment and installation of a Professional IC Vario system with combined MISP techniques of Inline Dilution and Inline Dialysis.

Organic halides must be monitored in the environment. Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) is used for accurate halogen analysis in solids following EN 17813:2023.

Electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) are widely used techniques in many fields. However, the data curves obtained from these analyses are quite varied, and not all electrochemical peaks and spectroscopic bands can be measured with the same procedures. This Application Note examines four tools included in the DropView 8400 and DropView SPELEC softwares to facilitate the measurement and analysis of the collected curves and data. The following measurement options are explained in detail: automeasurement, set on curve measurement, set free measurement, and set step measurement.

The study of the electrochemical behavior of platinum in acidic media is of crucial importance in fundamental electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Most electrocatalytic processes occurring at Pt electrodes are highly sensitive to the structure of the platinum surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a widely used rapid measurement technique that provides both a qualitative and quantitative fingerprint of platinum surfaces. A comparison of results given by linear and staircase CVs is presented in this Application Note.

Capacitors are electronic components necessary for the success of the electronics industry. They have also become essential components of both electric and hybrid vehicles. Electrochemical tests, such as potentiostatic cyclic voltammetry, are used to check the performance of capacitors. VIONIC powered by INTELLO can perform both staircase and linear cyclic voltammetries (CV). This Application Note gives a comparison between the linear and the staircase potentiostatic cyclic voltammetries and highlights the necessity of using the linear CV to best study the performance of capacitors.

The Devanathan-Stachurski cell (or «H cell») is successfully used to evaluate the permeation of hydrogen through sheets or membranes. As small amounts of hydrogen pass through the sheet or membrane, a very sensitive potentiostat is required for its detection. A study of the hydrogen permeation properties of different iron sheets is discussed in this Application Note while taking the instrumental requirements into account.

In recent years, field-effect transistors (FETs) have become more commonly used as a sensing platform for a multitude of electrochemical and biological applications. These devices are promising bioelectronic transducers that allow both low-potential operation and stable potentiometric measurements. FETs are now seen as an attractive alternative to using conventional electrochemical detection systems in the scientific community. This Application Note gives in-depth guidance about how to operate Metrohm DropSens bipotentiostat devices for the characterization of FETs and their use as transducers. A single μStat-i 400 device, a small and portable bipotentiostat and galvanostat, is used to demonstrate the experiments.

Alamar Blue is monitored with fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry during its irreversible reduction to resorufin and further reversible reduction to dihydroresorufin.

Excess sodium intake increases the risk of health issues. Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) offer a fast, accurate, and cost-effective method for measuring sodium in food.

Groundwater contains many minerals, but can be contaminated by sodium-rich leachate from landfills. Accurate Na determination in water is possible following AOAC 976.25 using the Na-ISE.

Water activity is an important parameter to measure for non-sterile pharmaceutical quality and stability. The OMNIS NIR Analyzer provides this data within seconds.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, chemical-free analysis method for various quality parameters of chocolate bars without sample preparation. The NIRS solution is easy to use and can be used atline or in a quality control lab.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows the simultaneous determination of glucose, fructose, glucose, and total sugar content in juices without chemicals or sample preparation in less than one minute.

Conventional methods used to analyze moisture, ash, fixed carbon, and volatile content in coal samples, are time consuming and costly. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is excellently suited to determine all parameters simultaneously in less than one minute without any sample preparation.

This Application Note demonstrates how the OMNIS NIR Analyzer Solid quickly determines the cotton content in various textile products within just 30 seconds.

Near-infrared spectroscopy streamlines ethylene tetrafluoroethylene production by offering rapid, chemical-free analysis of melt flow rate and moisture content.

This Application Note shows how easy it is to determine water content in the pharmaceutical excipient lactose with reagent-free near-infrared spectroscopy.

Gold leaching by cyanidation requires precise monitoring of cyanide and gold. Online process analyzers perform such measurements, improving safety and compliance.

Polyurethanes are a class of synthetic polymers formed by reacting liquid di/polyisocyanates and polyols with a catalyst and various additives in a reactor. Polymer properties are modified with stepwise additions of these chemicals at different points in time depending on whether the process has reached an equilibrium. NCO functional groups from unreacted isocyanates must be quenched at the end for a finished product, and this parameter must be known to determine the proper chemical mixing ratio. A fast, non-destructive real-time measurement of %NCO can be obtained by using NIR spectroscopy with a probe seated directly in the reactor.

The basic chemicals industry is responsible for producing thousands of raw materials at very large scales. The industries downstream rely upon a certain level of chemical purity to manufacture their own goods, as certain impurities can cause major issues in various processes. During the production of the basic chemicals NaOH and KOH, electrolysis of saturated brine solutions with membrane-cells yield the product which is further concentrated by evaporation. Impurities from the salts used in the brine will also be concentrated. Typically, this impurity analysis is performed offline with various hazardous chemicals with varying shelf-lives. The Process Ion Chromatograph is able to perform the measurement described in ASTM E1787-16 online, ensuring quality product without the need for time-consuming, hazardous laboratory experiments.

Acid throwing, a historical method for retribution against women, has become a modern threat of a different nature. Concentrated acids and other corrosive substances have emerged as modern tools of social violence. Aggressors use common plastic containers with openings that create a powerful directional spray, such as lemon juice squeeze bottles. Sulfuric and phosphoric acids were chosen for analysis here due to their highly corrosive nature- acid attacks in London most commonly use sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids.2017 saw a remarkable number of acid attacks in the UK, with reported incidences averaging 2x a day. Detection and regulation of acids may contribute to prevention of this social scourge.

Identification of unknown materials in the field can be a complicated affair, especially in critical situations, where speed, safety, and ease-of-operation are essential. Mira DS, Metrohm Raman’s handheld Raman analyzer, and the intelligent Universal Attachment (iUA) give the user automated Content ID capabilities. Content ID achieves through container identification of unknown materials quickly, easily, and safely.

Signal-to-noise ratio, spectrograph design, resolution of MIRA handheld Raman analyzers.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is one of the most promising ICPs due to its high conductivity, electrochemical stability, catalytic properties, high insolubility in almost all common solvents and interesting electrochromic properties (transparent in the doped state and colored in the neutral state). In this Application Note, PEDOT film is evaluated by spectroelectrochemical techniques.

The saponification value evaluates edible oil quality by indicating the average molecular weight of fatty acids. Its titrimetric determination in canola and olive oil is described here.

This Application Note details the determination of acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) in several pharmaceutical samples in compliance with USP<301> standards.

In order to consistently manufacture high quality baked goods, it is critical to measure the pH value and acidity content in the raw materials and during the production steps. These factors have a major influence on the taste and storage lifetime of the final product. Consistent product quality is only possible with precise measurements during the process.This Application Note describes the measurement of pH value and the total titratable acidity in flour, dough, and bread using the Eco Titrator from Metrohm.

Phosphoric acid is a triprotic inorganic acid used for many purposes: as a raw material for the production of phosphate fertilizers, detergents, as an electrolyte in phosphoric acid fuel cells, rust removers, and for the passivation of iron and zinc to protect against corrosion. This Application Note presents an acid-base titration where the concentration of phosphoric acid is determined over all three of its dissociable protons by titrating it with sodium hydroxide.

Alkalinity defines the acid-binding capacity of natural water. A distinction is made between total alkalinity (m-value) and carbonate alkalinity (p-value). This Application Note presents the determination of pH and alkalinity in water with a titration method conforming to EPA 310.1, Standard Methods 2320 B (Titration Method), ASTM D1067, EN ISO 9963-1, and EN ISO 9963-2.

The amine value is an important parameter and quality indicator to determine in chemical processes and pharmaceuticals. This Application Note presents the nonaqueous perchloric acid titration of triethanolamine.

This white paper presents IC-MS as powerful analysis technique. This multiparameter method determines various analytes such as inorganic cations and amines in one run.

The USP and FDA started to modernize several monographs and General Chapters. In many cases, IC-focused methods have replaced older, wet chemistry procedures. Learn more about the USP modernization initiative and the advantages of ion chromatography in this white paper.

Explore how to construct simple and complex equivalent circuit models for fitting EIS data in this Application Note. Nyquist plots are shown for each example.

Test measurements on water standards are performed with an OMNIS KF Titrator and Karl Fischer reagents Aquagent® Complet 5 and Methanol Fast from Scharlau.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used multidisciplinary technique for characterizing the behavior of complex electrochemical systems. EIS is employed in the study of a range of complex systems including batteries, catalysis, and corrosion processes. This Application Note focuses on the basic principles of EIS measurements.

Here, the most common circuit elements for EIS are introduced which may be assembled in different configurations to obtain equivalent circuits used for data analysis.

This Application Bulletin shows the determination of the total base number in petroleum products by applying different titration types according to various standards.

The Metrosep A Supp 21 column and 948 Continuous IC Module, CEP enable efficient, automated single-run analysis of major anions and disinfection byproducts in water.

Combustion ion chromatography (CIC) measures AOX (adsorbable organically bound halogens, i.e., AOCl, AOBr, AOI) and AOF as well as CIC AOX(Cl) according to DIN 38409-59 and ISO/DIS 18127.

Harmful industrial flue gases like H2S and CO2 cause corrosion of pipes and damage the environment. Adding the correct amount of amines in scrubber solutions, e.g. ethanolamines and methylamines, will neutralize these gases («gas sweetening»). Non-suppressed cation analysis with direct conductivity detection is a straightforward and robust technique for the quantification of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA) via ion chromatography. Thanks to the high capacity of the Metrosep C 6 column, large volumes can be injected without compromising the peak shapes. The analytical technique can be used at laboratory scale but also for process analysis.

Iodine is an essential mineral for human health, where it is necessary for e.g., the production of thyroid hormones. The presented method describes the determination of free iodide in milk samples using Metrohm Low Volume Inline Dialysis for automated sample preparation prior to injection into an ion chromatograph (IC) and subsequent amperometric detection in direct current (DC) mode.

AOF (adsorbable organic fluorine) is used to screen for per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in aqueous matrices via pyrohydrolytic combustion and ion chromatography.

This Application Note explains manual and automated iR drop correction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cautions against using less accurate methods.

Monitor adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) in water using combustion ion chromatography (CIC) for precise analysis of AOCl, AOBr, AOI, and total AOX.

Improve petrochemical quality control with NIRS. Fast, cost-effective, and no sample prep needed. Learn more in our eBook.

The quantification of residual moisture in lyophilized pharmaceutical peptides is an important measure for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. For development purposes, such measurements are necessary and routinely performed during stability studies and to optimize the freeze-drying process (lyophilization). Currently, Karl Fischer titration is widely used for moisture determination in routine analysis. However, this method is time consuming and destroys the sample during analysis. This Application Note shows that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, reagentless, non-destructive method to determine moisture content in lyophilized pharmaceutical products.

The determination of the acid number plays a significant role in the analysis of petroleum products. This is manifested in the numerous standard procedures in use over the world (internal specifications of multinational companies, national and international specifications of ASTM, DIN, IP, ISO, etc.). These procedures differ mainly in the composition of the used solvents and titrants.This bulletin describes the determination of the acid number in petroleum products by applying different types of titration.The potentiometric determination is described according to ASTM D664, the photometric according to ASTM D974 and the thermometric titration according to ASTM D8045.

The total acid number (TAN) is an important parameter for assessing the acidity of oils and fuels. This Application Note determines TAN using conductometric titration.

The presence of iron in drinking water can lead to an unpleasant taste, stains, or even growth of «iron bacteria» that can clog plumbing and cause an offensive odor. Over a longer period, the formation of insoluble iron deposits is problematic in many industrial and agricultural applications. To avoid these problems, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) for water treatment and processing plants as 0.3 mg/L Fe in drinking water.The voltammetric determination of the iron triethanolamine complex on the non-toxic Bi drop electrode allows both the detection at very low levels (limit of detection of 0.005 mg/L) and measurements in a wide range of concentrations up to 0.5 mg/L.

The main sources of nickel pollution are electroplating, metallurgical operations, or leaching from pipes and fittings. Catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries are major application fields for cobalt. In both cases, the metal is either released directly, or via the waste water-river pathway into the drinking water system. Therefore in the EU the legislation specifies 20 µg/L as the limit value for the Ni concentration in drinking water.The simultaneous and straightforward determination of nickel and cobalt is based on adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV). The unique properties of the non-toxic Bi drop electrode combined with AdSV results in an excellent performance in terms of sensitivity.